Translate this page into:
Antibiotic loaded biodegradable polymeric based micro/nanoparticles potentials for multidrug resistant bacteria treatment

*Corresponding author: Basam Mahmoud Kasem, Nanomedicine Researcher, Pharmacist, Mersin, Turkey. kasembassam73@gmail.com
-
Received: ,
Accepted: ,
How to cite this article: Kasem BM. Antibiotic loaded biodegradable polymeric based micro/nanoparticles potentials for multidrug resistant bacteria treatment. Glob J Health Sci Res. doi: 10.25259/GJHSR_52_2024
Abstract
The spread of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a serious global concern that demands the implementation of remedial strategies to control this health-threatening problem, different approaches have been investigated, and using nano-materials represents one of the promising strategies, and the biodegradable polymeric micro/nano-particles may be a good candidate owing to its low cytotoxicity, bio-compatibility, selectivity, and the ability to release the loaded antibiotic in a precise sustained and controlled manner, in addition to an alteration of the antibiotic/microbial cell interaction mode. This review will shed light on using antibiotic loaded biodegradable polymeric micro/nanoparticles as a platform for more efficient treatment of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Keywords
Biodegradable polymers
Nano- particles
Micro-particles
Multi-drug resistance
Antibiotic delivery
INTRODUCTION
In 2019, the World Health Organization included antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as one of the top ten threats to global health,[1] this resistance can occur through several mechanisms including the prevention of the antibiotic from interaction with the target site of action, pumping the antibiotic out of the target cell, and the microbial enzymatic modification or destruction of the antibiotic molecule.[2] The conventional approaches for infectious diseases treatment that are based on oral or systemic administration in a high doses are sometimes unable to give the desired results, above that there is a possibility for the appearing of some side effects in addition to the relatively high cost, and patient discomfort,[3] and one of the most promising tools to overcome these drawbacks is using biodegradable polymeric-based micro/nanoparticles as a carrier for the antibiotics the thing that will have a positive impact on the antibiotic fate within the human body (change the pharmacokinetics, bio-distribution, tissue deposition, and cell penetration),[4] biodegradable polymers are classified according to its origin into natural (sodium alginate, cellulose, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, etc.), and synthetic (Polyglycolic acid, Poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid] [PLGA] Poly-ε-caprolactone [PCL], Polyvinyl alcohol, etc...) that these polymers have a general characteristics of biocompatibility, low toxicity, flexibility, and controlled and sustain release.[5]
So instead of entering into the typical cycle of new AMR, another proposed strategy should be adopted to avoid resistance, and that can be realized by the appropriate selection of delivery systems that can achieve a precise delivery in addition to the enhancement of the accessibility of antibiotics to the site of action, which are considered as the key determinants of the clinical outcome.[6]
METHODOLOGY
A number of the most relevant data were collected and screened, and several experimental examples were arranged in such a way to serve the purpose.
DISCUSSION
In an in vivo study Zhang et al. found that the survival incidence in Staphylococcus aureus infected Zibra Larvae fish was higher when treated by gelatin micro-spheres loaded with vancomycin in comparison with that treated by free vancomycin systemically the thing that highlights the role of these vector in increasing the vancomycine antimicrobial effect,[7] furthermore in another in vitro study Aksoy et al. reported the efficiency of gelatin composite micro-spheres loaded with vancomycine against S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the possibility to be used in Osteomyelitis (bone infection disease) treatment.[8]
Furthermore, Mohd Sabee et al., in a study (in vitro) to verify the susceptibility of gentamicin when loaded in PLA micro-spheres against S. aureus and Escherichia coli, found that gentamicin released in a controlled and sustained manners that were able to kill the mentioned microbial strains.[9]
Jiao et al., in an in vivo study, reported the successful use of PLGA micro-spheres loaded with an antimicrobial peptide (OH-CATH30) for the treatment of keratitis caused by bacteria, and a remarkable antibacterial effects were observed both in vitro and in vivo in the slow antibiotic release mode.[10] While Le et al. in an in vitro study revealed that there was an enhancement of the antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of S. aureus when treated by Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin PLGA loaded nanoparticles.[11] Moreover, regarding the release profile (pharmacokinetics), Filipović et al. found in a study (in vitro) that PCL Poly (ε-caprolactone) micro-spheres was able to release selenium nanoparticles in a controlled manner with a considerable antibacterial activity against: S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and S. epidermidis (ATCC 1228).[12] And to demonstrate the micro/nano-particles role in increasing the antimicrobial potency, Cruz et al. found in a comparison study that GIBIM-P5S9K (new antimicrobial peptide) loaded PLA, and PLGA nanoparticles were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in q concentration of 50% of the free form of the antibiotic.[13]
Within the same context of antibiotic potency enhancement, Piras et al. found in a study that temporin B (antimicrobial peptide) loaded in chitosan nanoparticles had an increased anti-microbial activity against S. epidermidis with a reduced toxicity.[14] Above that Xiong et al. reported the ability of a differential delivery of vancomycin to the S. aureus infected cells, by a poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) based Lipas sensitive triple-layered nanogel causing effective killing of the infectious bacteria.[15] Moreover, Baier et al. designed an enzymatic responsive hyaluronic acid nanocapsules containing polyhexanide that exploited the enzymatic pathogenicity and invasion factor which is hyaluronidase as a triggering agent (that interact with hyaluronic acid) for the of antimicrobial agent release and consequently an efficient killing of bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli.[16] Furthermore, Shaaban et al. found in an in vitro study that the impenem-loaded PCL nanoparticles caused faster microbial killing of resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa within 2–3 h compared with free drug, antibiotic protection against enzymatic degradation, and most importantly preventing the development of resistant colonies.[17] Aboelenin et al. reported on a study on fluoroquinolone resistance Acinetobacter baumannii from different resistance clinical isolates that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin-loaded PCL nanoparticles were able to kill these resistant strains within 5–6 h in a 1.5–6 and 6–12-fold decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC, in addition to the ability of the prepared nanoparticles to overcome the efflux pumps mediated resistance for these antibiotics.[18]
CONCLUSION
It is clear that using biodegradable polymeric micro/nano-particles in the treatment of antibiotics resistant bacteria has always an added value in comparison with the traditional approaches toward the increase of the microbial inhibitory effects of the antibiotics due to the ability of these vectors to alter the whole pharmacokinetics of the antibiotics in addition to the antibiotic-microbial interaction profile, and consequently more selectivity and precise controlled delivery, the thing that makes these tools as a promising strategy in overcoming the bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
Ethical approval
Institutional Review Board approval is not required.
Declaration of patient consent
Patient’s consent not required as there are no patients in this study.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for manuscript preparation
The author confirms that there was no use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for assisting in the writing or editing of the manuscript and no images were manipulated using AI.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
References
- Bacterial antibiotic resistance: The most critical pathogens. Pathogens. 2021;10:1310.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: Enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1451-70.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Antibiotic loaded microspheres as antimicrobial delivery systems for medical applications. Mater Sci Eng. 2017;77:69-75.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Delivery of antibiotics with polymeric particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;78:63-76.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: Comprehensive overview, perspectives and challenges. Polymers. 2024;16:2536.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Application of polymeric nanocarriers for enhancing the bioavailability of antibiotics at the target site and overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Appl Sci. 2021;11:10695.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Monitoring local delivery of vancomycin from gelatin nanospheres in zebrafish larvae. Int J Nanomed. 2018;13:5377-94.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vancomycin loaded gelatin microspheres containing wet spun poly (ε-caprolactone) fibers and films for osteomyelitis treatment. Fibers Polym. 2019;20:2236-46.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Gentamicin loaded PLA microspheres susceptibility against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Kirby-Bauer and micro-dilution methods. AIP Conf Proc. 2020;2267:20032.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Assessing the efficacy of PLGA-loaded antimicrobial peptide OH-CATH30 microspheres for the treatment of bacterial keratitis: A promising approach. Biomolecules. 2023;13:1244.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Using targeted nano-antibiotics to improve antibiotic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Antibiotics. 2023;12:1066.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poly (ε-caprolactone) microspheres for prolonged release of selenium nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng. 2019;96:776-89.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Antimicrobial activity of a new synthetic peptide loaded in polylactic acid or poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nanotechnology. 2017;28:135102.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exert a long-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:372.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lipase-sensitive polymeric triple-layered nanogel for “on-demand” drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134:4355-62.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Enzyme responsive hyaluronic acid nanocapsules containing polyhexanide and their exposure to bacteria to prevent infection. Biomacromolecules. 2013;14:1103-12.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imipenem/cilastatin encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles for destroying carbapenem-resistant bacterial isolates. Nanobiotechnology. 2017;15:29.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ciprofloxacin-and levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles efficiently suppressed fluoroquinolone resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2024;14:3125.
- [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]